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This work introduces a numerical approach and implementation for the directcoupling of arbitrary complex ordinary differential equation- (ODE-)governedzero-dimensional (0D) boundary conditions to three-dimensional (3D) latticeBoltzmann-based fluid-structure systems for hemodynamics studies. Inparticular, a most complex configuration is treated by considering a dynamicleft ventricle- (LV-)elastance heart model which is governed by (and appliedas) a nonlinear, non-stationary hybrid ODE-Dirichlet system. Other ODE-basedboundary conditions, such as lumped parameter Windkessel models for truncatedvasculature, are also considered. Performance studies of the complete 0D-3Dsolver, including its treatment of the lattice Boltzmann fluid equations andelastodynamics equations as well as their interactions, is conducted through avariety of benchmark and convergence studies that demonstrate the ability ofthe coupled 0D-3D methodology in generating physiological pressure and flowwaveforms -- ultimately enabling the exploration of various physical andphysiological parameters for hemodynamics studies of the coupled LV-arterialsystem. The methods proposed in this paper can be easily applied to otherODE-based boundary conditions as well as to other fluid problems that aremodeled by 3D lattice Boltzmann equations and that require direct coupling ofdynamic 0D boundary conditions.

Direct 0D-3D coupling of a lattice Boltzmann methodology for fluid-structure hemodynamics simulations