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The integration of biosensing platforms with drug delivery systems has led toeffective treatment strategies for biomedical applications. With the emergencyof nanotechnology, the manipulation of materials in the nanometer, thesebiosensing and drug delivery systems have been tremendously improved due to theexceptional properties exhibited by these materials. The conventionalapproaches used to synthesize the nanomaterials including physical and chemicalmethods involve the usage of harsh chemicals and hazardous reaction conditionsand hence posing a threat to health and the environment. This problem is solvedby the biological methods that involve green nanotechnology which integratesgreen chemistry and engineering principles to formulate harmless andeco-friendly nanomaterials to fight the complications affecting human healthand the environment. These biological methods use phytochemicals found inplants and plants parts as well as microorganisms for the bioreduction of metalions to their corresponding nanomaterials. The plants and the microorganismsare readily available, cost-efficient, and have biocompatibility hence offeringsustainable synthetic methods for nanomaterials. This review will thereforefocus on the plant-mediated and microbe-mediated green synthesis of differentnanomaterials, the mechanisms of these synthetic methods, the application ofthe green synthesized nanomaterials in biosensing and drug delivery as well asthe challenges of the synthetic methods.

Green synthesis of nanomaterials from sustainable materials for biosensors and drug delivery