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The photometric and spectroscopic signatures of habitable planets orbitingFGK stars may be modulated by surface ice coverage. To estimate its frequencyand locations, we simulated the climates of hypothetical planets with a 1Denergy balance model and assumed that the planets possess properties similar tomodern Earth (mass, geography, atmosphere). We first simulated planets withfixed rotational axes and circular orbits, finding that the vast majority(>90%) of planets with habitable surfaces are free of ice. For planets withpartial ice coverage, the parameter space for ice caps (interannual ice locatedat the poles) is about as large as that for "ice belts" (interannual icelocated at the equator), but belts only persist on land. We then performedsimulations that mimicked perturbations from other planets by forcingsinusoidal orbital and rotational oscillations over a range of frequencies andamplitudes. We assume initially ice-free surfaces and set the initialeccentricity distribution to mirror known exoplanets, while the initialobliquity distribution matches planet formation predictions, ie favoring 90degrees. For these dynamic cases, we find again that ~90% of habitable planetsare free of surface ice for a range of assumptions for ice's albedo. Planetsorbiting F dwarfs are three times as likely to have ice caps than belts, butfor planets orbiting K and G dwarfs ice belts are twice as likely as caps. Insome cases, a planet's surface ice can cycle between the equatorial and polarregions. Future direct imaging surveys of habitable planets may be able to testthese predictions.

The Ice Coverage of Earth-like Planets Orbiting FGK Stars