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Collective phenomena in quantum many-body systems are often described interms of hydrodynamics, an appropriate framework when the involved particlenumbers are effectively macroscopic. We propose to use experiments on expandingclouds of few and many interacting cold atoms to investigate the emergence ofhydrodynamics as a function of particle number. We consider gases confined intwo-dimensional elliptically-deformed traps, and we employ the manifestation ofelliptic flow as an indicator of collective behavior. We quantify the responseof the gas to the deformation of the trapping potential, and show how suchinformation can be used to establish how many atoms are needed for the systemto develop a degree of collectivity comparable to that expected in thehydrodynamic limit. This method permits one, in particular, to exploitobservations made in expanding atomic gases to shed light on the apparenthydrodynamic behaviour of mesoscopic systems of quarks and gluons formed in thescattering of light ions in high-energy collider experiments.

How many particles do make a fluid? Qualifying collective behavior in expanding ultracold gases