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Distributed generation, based on the exploitation of Renewable Energy Sources(RES), has increased in the last few decades to limit anthropogenic carbondioxide emissions, and this trend will increase in the future. However, RESgeneration is not dispatchable, and an increasing share of RES may lead toinefficiencies and even problems for the electricity network. Flexibleresources are needed to handle RES generation in order to support the delicateelectricity generation and demand balance. Energy conversion technologies (P2X,Power to X) allow the flexibility of energy systems to be increased. Thesetechnologies make a connection between different energy sectors (e.g.,electricity and gas) possible, and thus create new synergies within an overallmulti energy system. This paper analyzes how the P2G technology can be used atthe distribution network level (both gas and electricity) to optimize the useof RES. In fact, in order to coordinate P2X resources, it is necessary to takeinto account the whole multi energy scenario, and not just the electrical side:it therefore becomes fundamental to recognize the pros and cons that BalancingService Providers (BSPs), composed of a number of P2G plants (representing theBalancing Responsible Providers, BRPs), may have when offering services to anelectricity network. Moreover, the convenience of the decarbonization of thegas grid has been evaluated through the calculation of the levelized cost ofSynthetic Natural Gas (LCSNG) for cost scenarios for the years 2030 and 2050,considering different assumptions about the cost of the surplus utilization ofRES. The results show that LCSNG may vary from 47 to 319 EURO/MWh, according tothe different configurations, i.e., only in the best case scenario is the SNGcost comparable with the cost of natural gas, and hence does the P2G technologyresult to be profitable

Techno-economic analysis of Power-to-Gas plants in a gas and electricity distribution network system with high renewable energy penetration