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Understanding glass formation by quenching remains a challenge in softcondensed matter physics. Recent numerical studies on steepest descentdynamics, which is one of the simplest models of quenching, revealed thatquenched liquids undergo slow relaxation with a power law towards mechanicalequilibrium and that the late stage of this process is governed by localrearrangements of particles. These advances motivate the detailed study ofinstantaneous normal modes during the relaxation process because the glassydynamics is considered to be governed by stationary points of the potentialenergy landscape. Here, we performed a normal mode analysis of configurationsduring the steepest descent dynamics and found that the dynamics is driven byalmost flat directions of the potential energy landscape at long times. Thesedirections correspond to localized modes and we characterized them in terms oftheir statistics and structure using methods developed in the study of localminima of the potential energy landscape.

Instantaneous normal modes of glass-forming liquids during the athermal relaxation process of the steepest descent algorithm