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We optimize the operation of a fuel cell hybrid train using convexoptimization. The main objective is to minimize hydrogen fuel consumption for atarget journey time while considering battery thermal constraints. The statetrajectories: train speed, energy management system, and battery temperature,are all optimized concurrently within a single optimization problem. A novelthermal model is proposed in order to include battery temperature yet maintainformulation convexity. Simulations show fuel savings and better thermalmanagement when temperature is optimized concurrently with the other statesrather than sequentially -- separately afterwards. The fuel reduction is causedby reduced cooling effort which is motivated by the formulation's awareness ofactive cooling energy consumption. The benefit is more pronounced for warmerambient temperatures that require more cooling.

Convex Optimization for Fuel Cell Hybrid Trains: Speed, Energy Management System, and Battery Thermals