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The origin of the diffuse interstellar bands is one of the longest-standingmysteries of the interstellar medium is explored within the framework of TheHeterogeneous dust Evolution Model at the IaS (THEMIS). The likely nature ofthe diffuse interstellar band carriers and their evolution is here exploredwithin the framework of the structures and sub-structures inherent to dopedhydrogenated amorphous carbon grains in the interstellar medium. Based on thenatural aromatic-rich moieties (ashphaltenes) recovered from coal and oil thelikely structure of their interstellar analogues is investigated within thecontext of the diffuse band problem. It is here proposed that the top- downevolution of interstellar carbonaceous grains, and in particular a-C(:H)nano-particles, is at the heart of the formation and evolution of the diffuseinterstellar band carriers and their associations with small molecules andradicals such as C2, C3, CH and CN. It is most likely that the diffuseinterstellar bands are carried by dehydrogenated, ionised, hetero- cyclic,aromatic rich moieties that form an integral part of the contiguous structureof hetero-atom doped hydrogenated amorphous carbon nano-particles and theirdaughter fragmentation products.

Dust evolution, a global view: II. Top-down branching, nano-particle fragmentation and the mystery of the diffuse interstellar band carriers