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We theoretically study the role of excitatory and inhibitory interactions inthe aggregations of male frogs. In most frogs, males produce sounds to attractconspecific females, which activates the calling behavior of other males andresults in collective choruses. While the calling behavior is quite effectivefor mate attraction, it requires high energy consumption. In contrast,satellite behavior is an alternative mating strategy in which malesdeliberately stay silent in the vicinity of a calling male and attempt tointercept the female attracted to the caller, allowing the satellite males todrastically reduce their energy consumption while having a chance of mating.Here we propose a hybrid dynamical model in which male frogs autonomouslyswitch among three behavioral states (i.e., calling state, resting state, andsatellite state) due to the excitatory and inhibitory interactions. Numericalsimulation of the proposed model demonstrated that (1) both collective chorusesand satellite behavior can be reproduced and (2) the satellite males canprolong the energy depletion time of the whole aggregation while they split themaximum chorus activity into two levels over the whole chorusing period. Thisstudy theoretically highlights the trade-off between energy efficiency andchorus activity in the aggregations of male frogs driven by the multiple typesof interactions.

Excitatory and inhibitory interactions affect the balance of chorus  activity and energy efficiency in the aggregation of male frogs: Theoretical  study using a hybrid dynamical model