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A novel method for calculating power output from wind turbines usingNewtonian mechanics is proposed. This contrasts with current methods based oninterception rates by airfoils of kinetic energy to estimate power output,governed by the Betz limit of propeller theory. Radial action generates torquesfrom impulses from air molecules at differing radii on rotor surfaces, bothwindward and leeward. Dimensionally, torque is a rate of action. Integration ofthe windward torque is achieved numerically using inputs of rotor dimensions,the angle of incidence of elastic wind impulse on the blade surface, chord andblade lengths and the tip speed ratio with wind speed. The rate of leeward orback torque in the plane of rotation is estimated from radial impulses from theblades rotation on material particles, with magnitude varying with the squareof the blade radius and its angular velocity. The net torque from these ratesof action and reaction is converted to power by its product with the angularvelocity of the turbine rotors, considered as an ideal cycle for wind turbines.Its design should assist optimization of the aerodynamic elements of turbineoperation. A matter of concern must be predictions for a significant rate ofheat production by wind turbines, represented partly by the magnitude of theleeward reaction torque but also by a greater release of heat downwind causedby a turbulent cascade in the wake of air flow following its impacts with theblades. Given the widespread occurrence of wind farms as sources of renewableenergy and a need to minimize environmental impacts this new method shouldpromote improved theory and practice regarding wind energy.

A New Theory for Estimating Maximum Power from Wind Turbines: A Fundamental Newtonian Approach