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In a laboratory experiment we compare voluntary cooperation in Iceland andthe US. We furthermore compare the associated thought processes acrosscultures. The two countries have similar economic performance, but surveymeasures show that they differ culturally. Our hypotheses are based on two suchmeasures, The Inglehart cultural world map and the Knack and Keefers scale ofcivic attitudes toward large-scale societal functioning. We prime theparticipants with different social foci, emphasizing in one a narrow groupingand in the other a larger social unit. In each country we implement this usingtwo different feedback treatments. Under group feedback, participants only knowthe contributions by the four members of their directly cooperating group.Under session feedback they are informed of the contributions within theirgroup as well as by everyone else in the session. Under group feedback,cooperation levels do not differ between the two cultures. However, undersession feedback cooperation levels increase in Iceland and decline in the US.Even when contribution levels are the same members of the two cultures differin their motives to cooperate: Icelanders tend to cooperate unconditionally andUS subjects conditionally. Our findings indicate that different cultures canachieve similar economic and societal performance through different culturalnorms and suggest that cooperation should be encouraged through culturallytailored suasion tactics. We also find that some decision factors such asInequity Aversion do not differ across the two countries, which raises thequestion whether they are human universals.

Reciprocity or community: Different cultural pathways to cooperation and welfare