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Photonic network-on-chip (PNoC) architectures employ photonic links withdense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM) to enable high throughput on-chiptransfers. Unfortunately, increasing the DWDM degree (i.e., using a largernumber of wavelengths) to achieve higher aggregated datarate in photonic links,and hence higher throughput in PNoCs, requires sophisticated and costly lasersources along with extra photonic hardware. This extra hardware can introduceundesired noise to the photonic link and increase the bit-error-rate (BER),power, and area consumption of PNoCs. To mitigate these issues, the use of4-pulse amplitude modulation (4-PAM) signaling, instead of the conventionalon-off keying (OOK) signaling, can halve the wavelength signals utilized inphotonic links for achieving the target aggregate datarate while reducing theoverhead of crosstalk noise, BER, and photonic hardware. There are variousdesigns of 4- PAM modulators reported in the literature. For example, thesignal superposition (SS), electrical digital-to-analog converter (EDAC), andoptical digital-to-analog converter (ODAC) based designs of 4-PAM modulatorshave been reports. However, it is yet to be explored how these SS, EDAC, andODAC based 4-PAM modulators can be utilized to design DWDM-based photonic linksand PNoC architectures. In this paper, we provide an extensive link-level andsystem-level of the SS, EDAC, and ODAC types of 4-PAM modulators from priorwork with regards to their applicability and utilization overheads. From ourlink-level and PNoC-level evaluation, we have observed that the 4-PAM EDACbased variants of photonic links and PNoCs exhibit better performance andenergy-efficiency compared to the OOK, 4-PAM SS, and 4-PAM ODAC based links andPNoCs.

Photonic Networks-on-Chip Employing Multilevel Signaling: A Cross-Layer Comparative Study