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The Eocene--Oligocene transition (EOT) represents a period of globalenvironmental changes particularly marked in Europe and coincides with adramatic biotic turnover. Here, using an exceptional fossil preservation, wedocument and analyse the diversity dynamics of a mammal clade, Cainotherioidea(Artiodactyla), that survived the EOT and radiated rapidly immediately after.We infer their diversification history from Quercy Konzentrat--Lagerst{\"a}tte(south-west France) at the species level using Bayesian birth--death models. Weshow that cainotherioid diversity fluctuated through time, with extinctionevents at the EOT and in the late Oligocene, and a major speciation burst inthe early Oligocene. The latter is in line with our finding that cainotherioidshad a high morphological adaptability following environmental changesthroughout the EOT, which probably played a key role in the survival andevolutionary success of this clade in the aftermath. Speciation is positivelyassociated with temperature and continental fragmentation in a time-continuousway, while extinction seems to synchronize with environmental change in apunctuated way. Within-clade interactions negatively affected the cainotherioiddiversification, while inter-clade competition might explain their finaldecline during the late Oligocene. Our results provide a detailed dynamicpicture of the evolutionary history of a mammal clade in a context of globalchange.

Evolutionary drivers, morphological evolution and diversity dynamics of a surviving mammal clade: cainotherioids at the Eocene--Oligocene transition