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Study of the propagation of sound in a single non-ideal fluid originates withStokes in 1845 and Kirchhoff in 1868. The situation is much more complex in thecase of two-fluid flow, both from the physical point of view, as theconfiguration of the flow matters greatly, and from the analytical point ofview. The principle two-fluid models currently in use for CFD are the focus ofthis article. It is shown that analytical expressions for the speed of sounddepend heavily on the chosen model. These sound speed expressions are comparedwith experimental values. The consequences for CFD models are discussed in thefinal section of this paper. It is found that numerical models with inaccuratewave speeds lead to incorrect numerical solutions, despite the accuracy of thenumerical scheme.

On the sound speed in two-fluid mixtures and the implications for CFD model validation