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Large-scale Internet scans are a common method to identify victims of aspecific attack. Stateless scanning like in ZMap has been established as anefficient approach to probing at Internet scale. Stateless scans, however, needa second phase to perform the attack, which remains invisible to networktelescopes that only capture the first incoming packet and is not observed as arelated event by honeypots. In this work, we examine Internet-wide scan trafficthrough Spoki, a reactive network telescope operating in real-time that wedesign and implement. Spoki responds to asynchronous TCP SYN packets andengages in TCP handshakes initiated in the second phase of two-phase scans.Because it is extremely lightweight it scales to large prefixes where it hasthe unique opportunity to record the first data sequence submitted within theTCP handshake ACK. We analyze two-phase scanners during a three months periodusing globally deployed Spoki reactive telescopes as well as flow data setsfrom IXPs and ISPs. We find that a predominant fraction of TCP SYNs on theInternet has irregular characteristics. Our findings also provide a clearsignature of today's scans as: (i) highly targeted, (ii) scanning activitiesnotably vary between regional vantage points, and (iii) a significant shareoriginates from malicious sources.

Spoki: Unveiling a New Wave of Scanners through a Reactive Network Telescope