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In a uniform stress field, a tensile hydraulic fracture will favorpropagation in the plane formed by the maximum (most compressive) andintermediate principal stresses. For the propagation of hydraulic fractures innon-uniform stress fields, especially those where the principal stressdirections change spatially, things become much more complex, are less wellunderstood, and therefore are more difficult to predict. Such is often the casewhen a hydraulic fracture is initiated from a borehole drilled in the directionof the minimum principal stress. This is a well-known problem that has been thesubject of several numerical and experimental studies. The purpose of thispaper is to offer new insights from a series of hydraulic fracture testsconducted in sub-horizontal boreholes drilled in the Sanford UndergroundResearch Facility. This project, called the Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS)Collab project, has developed a test bed at a depth of approximately 1478meters underground consisting of sub-horizontal injection, production, andmonitoring wells. This paper presents stimulation test data, and supportinggeologic/geophysical characterization data. The test data are compared toprevious numerical and experimental studies to determine how well this newexperimental data compares with previous modeling, laboratory, and field tests.

Transverse Hydraulic Fracture Initiation: Insights from Intermediate-Scale Hydraulic Fracture Tests