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Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) must be engineered to circumvent theefficiency limit imposed by the 3:1 ratio of triplet to singlet excitonformation following electron-hole capture. Here we show the spin nature ofluminescent radicals such as TTM-3PCz allows direct energy harvesting from bothsinglet and triplet excitons through energy transfer, with subsequent rapid andefficient light emission from the doublet excitons. This is demonstrated with amodel Thermally-Activated Delayed Fluorescence (TADF) organic semiconductor,4CzIPN, where reverse intersystem crossing from triplets is characteristicallyslow (50% emission by 1 microsecond). The radical:TADF combination shows muchfaster emission via the doublet channel (80% emission by 100 ns) than thecomparable TADF-only system, and sustains higher electroluminescent efficiencywith increasing current density than a radical-only device. By unlocking energytransfer channels between singlet, triplet and doublet excitons, furthertechnology opportunities are enabled for optoelectronics using organicradicals.

Singlet and triplet to doublet energy transfer: improving organic light-emitting diodes with radicals