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In this work, we study the performance of multiple-hop mixed frequency(RF)/free-space optical (FSO) communication-based decode-and-forward protocolfor multicast networks. So far, serving a large number of users is considered apromising approach for real-time applications to address the massive datatraffic demands.  In this regard, we propose two practical use-cases. In the former model, wepropose a high altitude platform station (HAPS)-aided mixed RF/FSO/RFcommunication scheme where a terrestrial ground station intends to communicatewith a cluster of nodes through two stratospheric HAPS systems. In the lattermodel, we assume that the line of sight connectivity is inaccessible betweenthe two HAPS systems due to high attenuation caused by large propagationdistances. Thereby, we propose a low Earth orbit satellite-aided mixedRF/FSO/FSO/RF communication. For the proposed scenarios, closed-formexpressions of outage probability (OP) and bit error rate are derived. Inaddition, to illustrate the asymptotic behavior of the proposed models,diversity gains are obtained. Furthermore, ergodic capacity and energyefficiency (EE) are provided for both scenarios. Finally, the simulationresults are provided to validate the theoretical derivations. The results showthat satellite-aided mixed RF/FSO/FSO/RF scenarios achieve better OP, whereasHAPS-aided mixed RF/FSO/RF scenario can achieve higher EE.

HAPS-assisted Hybrid RF-FSO Multicast Communications: Error and Outage Analysis