English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Free Plan

The bias in the determination of the Hubble parameter and the Hubble constantin the modern Universe is discussed. It could appear due to statisticalprocessing of data on galaxies redshifts and estimated distances based on somestatistical relations with limited accuracy. This causes a number of effectsleading to either underestimation or overestimation of the Hubble parameterwhen using any methods of statistical processing, primarily the least squaresmethod (LSM). The value of the Hubble constant is underestimated whenprocessing a whole sample; when the sample is constrained by distance,especially when constrained from above, it is significantly overestimated dueto data selection. The bias significantly exceeds the values of the error theHubble constant calculated by the LSM formulae.  These effects are demonstrated both analytically and using Monte Carlosimulations, which introduce deviations in both velocities and estimateddistances to the original dataset described by the Hubble law. Thecharacteristics of the deviations are similar to real observations. Errors inestimated distances are up to 20%. They lead to the fact that when processingthe same mock sample using LSM, it is possible to obtain an estimate of theHubble constant from 96% of the true value when processing the entire sample to110% when processing the subsample with distances limited from above.  The impact of these effects can lead to a bias in the Hubble constantobtained from real data and an overestimation of the accuracy of determiningthis value. This may call into question the accuracy of determining the Hubbleconstant and significantly reduce the tension between the values obtained fromthe observations in the early and modern Universe, which were activelydiscussed during the last year.

Bias of the Hubble constant value caused by errors in galactic distance indicators