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The presence of a nearby boundary is likely to be important in the life cycleand evolution of motile flagellate bacteria. This has led many authors toemploy numerical simulations to model near-surface bacterial motion and computehydrodynamic boundary effects. A common choice has been the method of imagesfor regularized Stokeslets (MIRS); however, the method requires discretizationsizes and regularization parameters that are not specified by any theory. Todetermine appropriate regularization parameters for given discretizationchoices in MIRS, we conducted dynamically similar macroscopic experiments andfit the simulations to the data. In the experiments, we measured the torque oncylinders and helices of different wavelengths as they rotated in a viscousfluid at various distances to a boundary. We found that differences betweenexperiments and optimized simulations were less than 5\% when using surfacediscretizations for cylinders and centerline discretizations for helices.Having determined optimal regularization parameters, we used MIRS to simulatean idealized free-swimming bacterium constructed of a cylindrical cell body anda helical flagellum moving near a boundary. We assessed the swimmingperformance of many bacterial morphologies by computing swimming speed, motorrotation rate, Purcell's propulsive efficiency, energy cost per distance, and anew metabolic energy cost defined to be the energy cost per body mass perdistance. All five measures predicted the same optimal flagellar wavelengthindependently of body size and surface proximity. Although the measuresdisagreed on the optimal body size, they all predicted that body size is animportant factor in the energy cost of bacterial motility near and far from asurface.

Using Experimentally Calibrated Regularized Stokeslets to Assess Bacterial Flagellar Motility Near a Surface