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Facing the dilemma of growing energy demand and mitigating carbon emissions,this paper proposes an energy sharing mechanism based on virtual federatedprosumers (VFPs) with budget allocation for joint electricity and carbon marketto incentivize distributed energy resources to participate in the hierarchicalmarket and reduce carbon emissions. At the transmission level, the regionaltransmission operator coordinates transactions between two markets, theinter-VFP energy sharing market and the wholesale market, intending to minimizethe overall cost of VFPs. The energy sharing market clearing problem isformulated as a generalized Nash game, for which we develop a first-orderresponse algorithm to obtain the equilibrium. At the distribution level, theVFPs play the role of selfless auctioneer that leverage discriminatory weightsand benchmark prices to allocate the electricity-carbon budget among entitiesin the VFP to maximize social welfare. The Nash game is exploited tocharacterize the budget allocation problem, for which a distributed feedbackallocation algorithm is proposed. The entire hierarchical electricity andcarbon trading is modeled as an equilibrium problem and is solved iteratively.Case studies based on a practical regional grid verify the effectiveness of theproposed algorithm and show that the mechanism is effective in improving energyefficiency and reducing carbon emissions.

Hierarchical Electricity and Carbon Trading in Transmission and Distribution Networks Based on Virtual Federated Prosumer