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Given limited supply of approved vaccines and constrained medical resources,design of a vaccination strategy to control a pandemic is an economic problem.We use time-series and panel methods with real-world country-level data toestimate effects on COVID-19 cases and deaths of two key elements of massvaccination - time between doses and vaccine type. We find that new infectionsand deaths are both significantly negatively associated with the fraction ofthe population vaccinated with at least one dose. Conditional on first-dosecoverage, an increased fraction with two doses appears to offer no furtherreductions in new cases and deaths. For vaccines from China, however, we findsignificant effects on both health outcomes only after two doses. Our resultssupport a policy of extending the interval between first and second doses ofvaccines developed in Europe and the US. As vaccination progresses, populationmobility increases, which partially offsets the direct effects of vaccination.This suggests that non-pharmaceutical interventions remain important to containtransmission as vaccination is rolled out.

Vaccination strategies and transmission of COVID-19: evidence across advanced countries