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We present the Onsager--Stefan--Maxwell thermodiffusion equations, whichaccount for the Soret and Dufour effects in multicomponent fluids. Unliketransport laws derived from kinetic theory, this framework preserves thestructure of the isothermal Stefan--Maxwell equations, separating thethermodynamic forces that drive diffusion from the force that drives heat flow.The Onsager--Stefan--Maxwell transport-coefficient matrix is symmetric, and thesecond law of thermodynamics imbues it with simple spectral characteristics.This new approach allows for heat to be considered as a pseudo-species andproves equivalent to both the intuitive extension of Fick's law and thegeneralized Stefan--Maxwell equations popularized by Bird, Stewart, andLightfoot. A general inversion process facilitates the unique formulation offlux-explicit transport equations relative to any choice of convectivereference velocity. Stefan--Maxwell diffusivities and thermal diffusion factorsare tabulated for gaseous mixtures containing helium, argon, neon, krypton, andxenon. The framework is deployed to perform numerical simulations of steadythree-dimensional thermodiffusion in a ternary gas.

Consolidated theory of fluid thermodiffusion