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Delivering broadband connectivity to unconnected areas is extremelychallenging. The emergence of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite systems has beenseen as a potential solution for connecting remote areas. Despite the hypearound these new technologies, we still lack an open-source modeling frameworkfor assessing the techno-economics of satellite broadband connectivity which istherefore the purpose of this paper. Firstly, a generalizable techno-economicmodel is presented to assess the engineering-economics of satelliteconstellations. Secondly, the approach is applied to assess the three maincompeting LEO constellations which include Starlink, OneWeb and Kuiper. Thisinvolves simulating the impact on coverage, capacity and cost as both thenumber of satellites and quantity of subscribers increases. Finally, a globalassessment is undertaken visualizing the potential capacity and cost per uservia different subscriber scenarios. The results demonstrate how limited thecapacity will be once resources are spread across users in each satellitecoverage area. For example, if there is 1 user per 10 km^2 we estimate a meanper user capacity of 24.94 Mbps, 1.01 Mbps and 10.30 Mbps for Starlink, OneWeband Kuiper respectively in the busiest hour of the day. But if the subscriberdensity increases to 1 user per km^2, then the mean per user capacity dropssignificantly to 2.49 Mbps, 0.10 Mbps and 1.02 Mbps for Starlink, OneWeb andKuiper respectively. LEO broadband will be an essential part of theconnectivity toolkit, but the results reveal that these mega-constellationswill most likely have to operate below 0.1 users per km^2 to provide a servicethat outcompetes other broadband connectivity options. The open-source codebasewhich the paper contributes is provided with the hope that other engineers willaccess, use, and further develop the satellite assessment capability.

A Techno-Economic Cost Framework for Satellite Networks Applied to Low Earth Orbit Constellations: Assessing Starlink, OneWeb and Kuiper