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Silica-based optical fibers are a workhorse of nonlinear optics. They havebeen used to demonstrate nonlinear phenomena such as solitons and self-phasemodulation. Since the introduction of the photonic crystal fiber, they havefound many exciting applications, such as supercontinuum white light sourcesand third-harmonic generation, among others. They stand out by their low loss,large interaction length, and the ability to engineer its dispersiveproperties, which compensate for the small chi(3) nonlinear coefficient.However, they have one fundamental limitation: due to the amorphous nature ofsilica, they do not exhibit second-order nonlinearity, except for minorcontributions from surfaces. Here, we demonstrate significant second-harmonicgeneration in functionalized optical fibers with a monolayer of highlynonlinear MoS2 deposited on the fiber guiding core. The demonstration iscarried out in a 3.5 mm short piece of exposed core fiber, which wasfunctionalized in a scalable process CVD-based process, without a manualtransfer step. This approach is scalable and can be generalized to othertransition metal dichalcogenides and other waveguide systems. We achieve anenhancement of more than 1000x over a reference sample of equal length. Oursimple proof-of-principle demonstration does not rely on either phase matchingto fundamental modes, or ordered growth of monolayer crystals, suggesting thatpathways for further improvement are within reach. Our results do not justdemonstrate a new path towards efficient in-fiber SHG-sources, instead, theyestablish a platform with a new route to chi(2)-based nonlinear fiber optics,optoelectronics, and photonics platforms, integrated optical architectures, andactive fiber networks.

In-fiber second-harmonic generation with embedded two-dimensional materials