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We study the temporal dynamics of potentially harmful apps (PHAs) on Androidby leveraging 8.8M daily on-device detections collected among 11.7M customersof a popular mobile security product between 2019 and 2020. We show that thecurrent security model of Android, which limits security products to run asregular apps and prevents them from automatically removing malicious apps opensa significant window of opportunity for attackers. Such apps warn users aboutthe newly discovered threats, but users do not promptly act on thisinformation, allowing PHAs to persist on their device for an average of 24 daysafter they are detected. We also find that while app markets remove PHAs afterthese become known, there is a significant delay between when PHAs areidentified and when they are removed: PHAs persist on Google Play for 77 dayson average and 34 days on third party marketplaces. Finally, we find evidenceof PHAs migrating to other marketplaces after being removed on the originalone. This paper provides an unprecedented view of the Android PHA landscape,showing that current defenses against PHAs on Android are not as effective ascommonly thought, and identifying multiple research directions that thesecurity community should pursue, from orchestrating more effective PHAtakedowns to devising better alerts for mobile security products.

A Large-scale Temporal Measurement of Android Malicious Apps: Persistence, Migration, and Lessons Learned