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Cellular appendages such as cilia and flagella represent universal toolsenabling cells and microbes, among other essential functionalities, to propelthemselves in diverse environments. In its planktonic, i.e. freely swimming,state the unicellular bi-flagellated microbe Chlamydomonas reinhardtii employsa periodic breaststroke-like flagellar beating to displace the surroundingfluid. Another flagella-mediated motility mode is observed forsurface-associated Chlamydomonas cells, which glide along the surface by meansof force transduction through an intraflagellar transport machinery.Experiments and statistical motility analysis demonstrate that this glidingmotility enhances clustering and supports self-organization of Chlamydomonaspopulations. We employ Minkowski functionals to characterize the spatiotemporalorganization of the surface-associated cell monolayer. We find that simulationsbased on a purely mechanistic approach cannot capture the observed non-randomcell configurations. Quantitative agreement with experimental data however isachieved when considering a minimal cognitive model of the flagellarmechanosensing.

Motility and self-organization of gliding Chlamydomonas populations