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Today's growth in the volume of wireless devices coupled with the promise ofsupporting data-intensive 5G-&-beyond use cases is driving the industry todeploy more millimeter-wave (mmWave) base stations (BSs). Although mmWavecellular systems can carry a larger volume of traffic, dense deployment, inturn, increases the BS installation and maintenance cost, which has beenlargely ignored in their utilization. In this paper, we present an approach tothe problem of mmWave BS deployment in urban environments by minimizing BSdeployment cost subject to BS association and user equipment (UE) outageconstraints. By exploiting the macro diversity, which enables each UE to beassociated with multiple BSs, we derive an expression for UE outage thatintegrates physical blockage, UE access-limited blockage, andsignal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratio (SINR) outage into its expression. Theminimum-cost BS deployment problem is then formulated as integer non-linearprogramming (INP). The combinatorial nature of the problem motivates thepursuit of the optimal solution by decomposing the original problem into thetwo separable subproblems, i.e., cell coverage optimization and minimum subsetselection subproblems. We provide the optimal solution and theoreticaljustifications for each subproblem. The simulation results demonstrating UEoutage guarantees of the proposed method are presented. Interestingly, theproposed method produces a unique distribution of the macro-diversity ordersover the network that is distinct from other benchmarks.

Link Quality-Guaranteed Minimum-Cost Millimeter-Wave Base Station Deployment