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Vortex crystals are geometric arrays of vortices found in various physicsfields, owing their regular internal structure to mutual interactions within aspatially confined system. In optics, vortex crystals may form spontaneouslywithin a nonlinear resonator but their usefulness is limited by the lack ofcontrol over their topology. On the other hand, programmable devices used infree space, like spatial light modulators, allow the design of nearly arbitraryvortex distributions but without any intrinsic dynamics. By combiningnon-Hermitian optics with on-demand topological transformations enabled bymetasurfaces, we report a solid-state laser that generates vortex crystals withmutual interactions and actively-tunable topologies. We demonstrate 10x10coherent vortex arrays with nonlocal coupling networks that are not limited tonearest-neighbor coupling but rather dictated by the crystal's topology. Thevortex crystals exhibit sharp Bragg diffraction peaks, witnessing theircoherence and high topological charge purity, which we resolve spatially overthe whole lattice by introducing a parallelized analysis technique. Bystructuring light at the source, we enable complex transformations that allowto arbitrarily partition the orbital angular momentum inside the cavity and toheal topological charge defects, making these resonators a robust and versatiletool for advanced applications in topological optics.

Optical vortex crystals with dynamic topologies