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The threat of hardware Trojans (HTs) and their detection is a widely studiedfield. While the effort for inserting a Trojan into an application-specificintegrated circuit (ASIC) can be considered relatively high, especially whentrusting the chip manufacturer, programmable hardware is vulnerable to Trojaninsertion even after the product has been shipped or during usage. At the sametime, detecting dormant HTs with small or zero-overhead triggers and payloadson these platforms is still a challenging task, as the Trojan might not getactivated during the chip verification using logical testing or physicalmeasurements. In this work, we present a novel Trojan detection approach basedon a technique known from integrated circuit (IC) failure analysis, capable ofdetecting virtually all classes of dormant Trojans. Using laser logic stateimaging (LLSI), we show how supply voltage modulations can awaken inactiveTrojans, making them detectable using laser voltage imaging techniques.Therefore, our technique does not require triggering the Trojan. To support ourclaims, we present three case studies on 28 and 20 SRAM- and flash-basedfield-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). We demonstrate how to detect with highconfidence small changes in sequential and combinatorial logic as well as inthe routing configuration of FPGAs in a non-invasive manner. Finally, wediscuss the practical applicability of our approach on dormant analog Trojansin ASICs.

Trojan Awakener: Detecting Dormant Malicious Hardware Using Laser Logic State Imaging (Extended Version)