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As an end-member of terrestrial planet formation, Mercury holds unique cluesabout the original distribution of elements in the earliest stages of solarsystem development and how planets and exoplanets form and evolve in closeproximity to their host stars. This Mercury Lander mission concept enables insitu surface measurements that address several fundamental science questionsraised by MESSENGER's pioneering exploration of Mercury. Such measurements areneeded to understand Mercury's unique mineralogy and geochemistry; tocharacterize the proportionally massive core's structure; to measure theplanet's active and ancient magnetic fields at the surface; to investigate theprocesses that alter the surface and produce the exosphere; and to provideground truth for current and future remote datasets. NASA's Planetary MissionConcept Studies program awarded this study to evaluate the feasibility ofaccomplishing transformative science through a New-Frontiers-class, landedmission to Mercury in the next decade. The resulting mission concept achievesone full Mercury year (~88 Earth days) of surface operations with an ambitious,high-heritage, landed science payload, corresponding well with the NewFrontiers mission framework. The 11-instrument science payload is delivered toa landing site within Mercury's widely distributed low-reflectance material,and addresses science goals and objectives encompassing geochemistry,geophysics, the Mercury space environment, and surface geology. This missionconcept is meant to be representative of any scientific landed mission toMercury; alternate payload implementations and landing locations would beviable and compelling for a future landed Mercury mission.

Mercury Lander: Planetary Mission Concept Study for the 2023-2032 Decadal Survey