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Underneath the ear skin there are richly branching vascular and neuralnetworks that ultimately connecting to our heart and brain. Hence, thethree-dimensional (3D) mapping of auricular electrophysiological signals couldprovide a new perspective for biomedical studies such as diagnosis ofcardiovascular diseases and neurological disorders. However, it is stillextremely challenging for current sensing techniques to cover the entireultra-curved auricle. Here, we report a graphene-based ear-conformable sensingdevice with embedded and distributed 3D electrodes which enable full-auriclephysiological monitoring. The sensing device, which incorporates programable 3Delectrode thread array and personalized auricular mold, has 3D-conformablesensing interfaces with curved auricular skin, and was developed using one-stepmulti-material 3D-printing process. As a proof-of-concept, spatiotemporalauricular electrical skin resistance (AESR) mapping was demonstrated. For thefirst time, 3D AESR contours were generated and human subject-specific AESRdistributions among a population were observed. From the data of 17 volunteers,the auricular region-specific AESR changes after cycling exercise were observedin 98% of the tests and were validated via machine learning techniques.Correlations of AESR with heart rate and blood pressure were also studied usingstatistical analysis. This 3D electronic platform and AESR-based newbiometrical findings show promising biomedical applications.

Graphene-based Distributed 3D Sensing Electrodes for Mapping Spatiotemporal Auricular Physiological Signals