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We characterize the performance of a fixed grid of solar panels on the basisof data taken under clear sky conditions over 12 months. We confirm that thepower output is linearly proportional to cos(theta), where theta is the angulardifference of direction toward the Sun and the vector perpendicular to thepanels. In order to confirm this we applied methods from astronomicalphotometry reduction. From late March through August we find that the medianeffective atmospheric extinction term is 0.145 mag/airmass. From October tomid-March the median extinction term is 0.081 mag/airmass. The proportionality"constant" scaling cos(theta) appears to be seasonally dependent, with thesmallest scaling factors occurring when the extinction term is largest.Finally, we find that extinction-corrected power often underperforms the linearrelationship late in the morning or early in the afternoon. This is most likelybecause the efficiency of solar panels depends on their operating temperature,and the panel temperature increases over the course of time on a sunny day.

Including Atmospheric Extinction in a Performance Evaluation of a Fixed Grid of Solar Panels