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Radio-frequency-driven atmospheric pressure plasma jets (RF APPJs) play anessential role in many technological applications. This work studies thecharacteristics of these discharges in the so-called non-neutral regime wherethe conventional structure of a quasi-neutral bulk and an electron depletedsheath does not develop, and the electrons are instead organized in adrift-soliton-like structure that never reaches quasi-neutrality. A hybridparticle-in-cell/Monte Carlo collisions (PIC/MCC) simulation is set up, whichcombines a fully kinetic electron model via the PIC/MCC algorithm with adrift-diffusion model for the ions. In addition, an analytical model for theelectron dynamics is formulated. The formation of the soliton-like structureand the connection between the soliton and the electron dynamics areinvestigated. The location of the electron group follows a drift equation,while the spatial shape can be described by Poisson-Boltzmann equilibrium in aco-moving frame. A stability analysis is conducted using the Lyapunov methodand a linear stability analysis. A comparison of the numerical simulation withthe analytical models yields a good agreement.

A non-neutral regime of radio-frequency atmospheric pressure plasma jets: Simulation and modeling