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Carefully designed micro and nanocarriers can provide significant advantagesover conventional macroscopic counterparts in biomedical applications. The setof requirements including a high loading capacity, triggered releasemechanisms, biocompatibility, and biodegradability should be considered for thesuccessful delivery realization. Porous calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is one of themost promising platforms, which can encompass all the beforehand mentionedrequirements. Here, we study both the particles formation and biologicalapplicability of CaCO3. In particular, anisotropic differently shaped CaCO3particles were synthesized using green sustainable approach based onco-precipitation of calcium chloride and sodium carbonate/bicarbonate atdifferent ratios in the presence of organic additives. The impact of saltsconcentrations, reaction time, as well as organic additives was systematicallyresearched to achieve controllable and reliable design of CaCO3 particles. Ithas been demonstrated that the crystallinity (vaterite or calcite phase) ofparticles depends on the initial salts concentrations. The loading capacity ofprepared CaCO3 particles is determined by their surface properties such asspecific surface area, pore size and zeta-potential. Differently shaped CaCO3particles (spheroids, ellipsoids, toroids) were used to evaluate their uptakeefficiency on the example of C6 glioma cells. The results show that theellipsoidal particles possess a higher probability for internalization bycancer cells. All tested particles were also found to have a goodbiocompatibility. The capability to design physicochemical properties of CaCO3particles has a significant impact on drug delivery applications, since theparticles geometry substantially affects cell behavior (internalization,toxicity) and allows outperforming standard spherical counterparts.

Controllable synthesis of calcium carbonate with different geometry:  comprehensive analysis of particles formation, their cellular uptake and  biocompatibility