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Blockchain creates a secure environment on top of strict cryptographicassumptions and rigorous security proofs. It permits on-chain interactions toachieve trustworthy properties such as traceability, transparency, andaccountability. However, current blockchain trustworthiness is only confined toon-chain, creating a "trust gap" to the physical, off-chain environment. Thisis due to the lack of a scheme that can truthfully reflect the physical worldin a real-time and consistent manner. Such an absence hinders furtherreal-world blockchain applications, especially for security-sensitive ones.  In this paper, we propose a scheme to extend blockchain trust from on-chainto off-chain, and take trustworthy vaccine transportation as an example. Ourscheme consists of 1) a Trusted Execution Environment (TEE)-enabled trustedenvironment monitoring system built with the Arm Cortex-M33 microcontrollerthat continuously senses the inside of a vaccine box through trusted sensorsand generates anti-forgery data; and 2) a consistency protocol to upload theenvironment status data from the TEE system to blockchain in a truthful,real-time consistent, continuous and fault-tolerant fashion. Our securityanalysis indicates that no adversary can tamper with the vaccine in any waywithout being captured. We carry out an experiment to record the internalstatus of a vaccine shipping box during transportation, and the resultsindicate that the proposed system incurs an average latency of 84 ms in localsensing and processing followed by an average latency of 130 ms to have thesensed data transmitted to and available in the blockchain.

Extending On-chain Trust to Off-chain -- Trustworthy Blockchain Data Collection using Trusted Execution Environment (TEE)