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Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) based reflection modulation has beenconsidered as a promising information delivery mechanism, and has the potentialto realize passive information transfer of a RIS without consuming anyadditional radio frequency chain and time/frequency/energy resources. Theexisting on-off reflection modulation (ORM) schemes are based on manipulatingthe "on/off" states of RIS elements, which may lead to the degradation of RISreflection efficiency. This paper proposes a frequency reflection modulation(FRM) method for RIS-aided OFDM systems. The FRM-OFDM scheme modulates thefrequency of the incident electromagnetic waves, and the RIS information isembedded in the frequency-hoping states of RIS elements. Unlike the ORM-OFDMscheme, the FRM-OFDM scheme can achieve higher reflection efficiency, since thelatter does not turn off any reflection element in reflection modulation. Wepropose a block coordinate descent (BCD) algorithm to maximize the userachievable rate for the FRM-OFDM system by jointly optimizing the phase shiftof the RIS and the power allocation at the transmitter. Further, we design abilinear message passing (BMP) algorithm for the bilinear recovery of both theuser symbols and the RIS data. Numerical simulations have verified theefficiency of the designed BCD algorithm for system optimization and the BMPalgorithm for signal detection, as well as the superiority of the proposedFRM-OFDM scheme over the ORM-OFDM scheme.

Frequency Reflection Modulation for Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface Aided OFDM Systems