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Ultrasound image degradation in the human body is complex and occurs due tothe distortion of the wave as it propagates to and from the target. Here, weestablish a simulation based framework that deconstructs the sources of imagedegradation into a separable parameter space that includes phase aberrationfrom speed variation, multiple reverberations, and trailing reverberation.These separable parameters are then used to reconstruct images with known andindependently modulable amounts of degradation using methods that depend on theadditive or multiplicative nature of the degradation. Experimental measurementsand Fullwave simulations in the human abdomen demonstrate this calibratedprocess in abdominal imaging by matching relevant imaging metrics such as phaseaberration, reverberation strength, speckle brightness and coherence length.Applications of the reconstruction technique are illustrated for beamformingstrategies (phase aberration correction, spatial coherence imaging), in astandard abdominal environment, as well as in impedance ranges much higher thanthose naturally occurring in the body.

Deconstruction and reconstruction of image-degrading effects in the  human abdomen using Fullwave: phase aberration, multiple reverberation, and  trailing reverberation