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Android introduces a new permission model that allows apps to requestpermissions at runtime rather than at the installation time since 6.0(Marshmallow, API level 23). While this runtime permission model provides userswith greater flexibility in controlling an app's access to sensitive data andsystem features, it brings new challenges to app development. First, as usersmay grant or revoke permissions at any time while they are using an app,developers need to ensure that the app properly checks and requests requiredpermissions before invoking any permission-protected APIs. Second, Android'spermission mechanism keeps evolving and getting customized by devicemanufacturers. Developers are expected to comprehensively test their apps ondifferent Android versions and device models to make sure permissions areproperly requested in all situations. Unfortunately, these requirements areoften impractical for developers. In practice, many Android apps suffer fromvarious runtime permission issues (ARP issues).  While existing studies have explored ARP issues, the understanding of suchissues is still preliminary. To better characterize ARP issues, we performed anempirical study using 135 Stack Overflow posts that discuss ARP issues and 199real ARP issues archived in popular open-source Android projects on GitHub. Viaanalyzing the data, we observed 11 types of ARP issues that commonly occur inAndroid apps. Furthermore, we conducted a field survey and in-depth interviewsamong practitioners, to gain insights from industrial practices and learnpractitioners' requirements of tools that can help combat ARP issues. We hopethat our findings can shed light on future research and provide useful guidanceto practitioners.

Runtime Permission Issues in Android Apps: Taxonomy, Practices, and Ways Forward