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These days, cyber-criminals target humans rather than machines since they tryto accomplish their malicious intentions by exploiting the weaknesses of endusers. Thus, human vulnerabilities pose a serious threat to the security andintegrity of computer systems and data. The human tendency to trust and helpothers, as well as personal, social, and cultural characteristics, areindicative of the level of susceptibility that one may exhibit towards certainattack types and deception strategies. This work aims to investigate thefactors that affect human susceptibility by studying the existing literaturerelated to this subject. The objective is also to explore and describe state ofthe art human vulnerability assessment models, current prevention, andmitigation approaches regarding user susceptibility, as well as educational andawareness raising training strategies. Following the review of the literature,several conclusions are reached. Among them, Human Vulnerability Assessment hasbeen included in various frameworks aiming to assess the cyber securitycapacity of organizations, but it concerns a one time assessment rather than acontinuous practice. Moreover, human maliciousness is still neglected fromcurrent Human Vulnerability Assessment frameworks; thus, insider threat actorsevade identification, which may lead to an increased cyber security risk.Finally, this work proposes a user susceptibility profile according to thefactors stemming from our research.

A Survey on Human and Personality Vulnerability Assessment in Cyber-security: Challenges, Approaches, and Open Issues