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Low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite networks (SatNets) are envisioned to play acrucial role in providing global and ubiquitous connectivity efficiently.Accordingly, in the coming years, thousands of LEO satellites will be launchedto create ultradense LEO mega-constellations, and the Third GenerationPartnership Project (3GPP) is working on evolving fifth-generation (5G) systemsto support such non-terrestrial networks (NTN). However, many challenges areassociated with the deployment of LEOs from communications and networkingperspectives. In this paper, we propose a novel cell-free massivemultiple-input multiple-output (CF-mMIMO) based architecture for futureultra-dense LEO SatNets. We discuss various aspects of network design, such asduplexing mode, pilot assignment, beamforming, and handover management. Inaddition, we propose a joint optimization framework for the power allocationand handover management processes to maximize the network throughput andminimize the handover rate while ensuring quality-of-service (QoS) satisfactionfor users. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to introduceand study CF-mMIMO-based LEO SatNets. Extensive simulation results demonstratethe superior performance of the proposed architecture and solutions compared tothose of conventional single-satellite connectivity and handover techniquesfrom the literature.

Future Ultra-Dense LEO Satellite Networks: A Cell-Free Massive MIMO Approach