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Assessing the performance of human movements during teleoperation and virtualreality is a challenging problem, particularly in 3D space due to complexspatial settings. Despite the presence of a multitude of metrics, a compellingstandardized 3D metric is yet missing, aggravating inter-study comparabilitybetween different studies. Hence, evaluating human performance in virtualenvironments is a long-standing research goal, and a performance metric thatcombines two or more metrics under one formulation remains largely unexplored,particularly in higher dimensions. The absence of such a metric is primarilyattributed to the discrepancies between pointing and manipulation, the complexspatial variables in 3D, and the combination of translational and rotationalmovements altogether. In this work, four experiments were designed andconducted with progressively higher spatial complexity to study and compareexisting metrics thoroughly. The research goal was to quantify the difficultyof these 3D tasks and model human performance sufficiently in full 3Dperipersonal space. Consequently, a new model extension has been proposed andits applicability has been validated across all the experimental results,showing improved modelling and representation of human performance in combinedmovements of 3D object pointing and manipulation tasks than existing work.Lastly, the implications on 3D interaction, teleoperation and object taskdesign in virtual reality are discussed.

Metrics for 3D Object Pointing and Manipulation in Virtual Reality