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To operate efficiently across a wide range of workloads with varying powerrequirements, a modern processor applies different current managementmechanisms, which briefly throttle instruction execution while they adjustvoltage and frequency to accommodate for power-hungry instructions (PHIs) inthe instruction stream. Doing so 1) reduces the power consumption of non-PHIinstructions in typical workloads and 2) optimizes system voltage regulators'cost and area for the common use case while limiting current consumption whenexecuting PHIs.  However, these mechanisms may compromise a system's confidentialityguarantees. In particular, we observe that multilevel side-effects ofthrottling mechanisms, due to PHI-related current management mechanisms, can bedetected by two different software contexts (i.e., sender and receiver) runningon 1) the same hardware thread, 2) co-located Simultaneous Multi-Threading(SMT) threads, and 3) different physical cores.  Based on these new observations on current management mechanisms, we developa new set of covert channels, IChannels, and demonstrate them in real modernIntel processors (which span more than 70% of the entire client and serverprocessor market). Our analysis shows that IChannels provides more than 24x thechannel capacity of state-of-the-art power management covert channels. Wepropose practical and effective mitigations to each covert channel in IChannelsby leveraging the insights we gain through a rigorous characterization of realsystems.

IChannels: Exploiting Current Management Mechanisms to Create Covert Channels in Modern Processors