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Single-particle x-ray diffractive imaging (SPI) of small (bio-)nanoparticles(NPs) requires optimized injectors to collect sufficient diffraction patternsto reconstruct the NP structure with high resolution. Typically,aerodynamic-lens-stack injectors are used for single NP injection. However,current injectors were developed for larger NPs ($\gg\!100$ nm) and theirability to generate high-density NP beams suffers with decreasing NP size.Here, an aerodynamic-lens-stack injector with variable geometry and thegeometry-optimization procedure are presented. The optimization for 50 nm goldNP (AuNP) injection using a numerical simulation infrastructure capable ofcalculating the carrier gas flow and the particle trajectories through theinjector is introduced. The simulations are experimentally validated usingspherical AuNPs and sucrose NPs. In addition, the optimized injector iscompared to the standard-installation "Uppsala-injector" for AuNPs and resultsfor these heavy particles show a shift in the particle-beam focus positionrather than a change in beam size, which results in a lower gas background forthe optimized injector. Optimized aerodynamic-lens stack injectors will allowto increase NP beam density, reduce the gas background, discover the limits ofcurrent injectors, and contribute to structure determination of small NPs usingSPI.

Optimizing the geometry of aerodynamic lens injectors for single-particle coherent diffractive imaging of gold nanoparticles