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The achievement of all-fibre functional nano-modules for subcellularlabel-free measurement has long been pursued due to the limitations ofmanufacturing techniques. In this paper, a compact all-fibre label-freenano-sensor composed of a fibre taper and zinc oxide nano-gratings is designedand applied for the early monitoring of apoptosis in single living cells.Because of its nanoscale dimensions, mechanical flexibility and minimalcytotoxicity to cells, the sensing module can be loaded in cells for long-termin situ tracking with high sensitivity. A gradual increase in the nuclearrefractive index during the apoptosis process is observed, revealing theincrease in molecular density and the decrease in cell volume. The strategyused in this study not only contributes to the understanding of internalenvironmental variations during cellular apoptosis but also provides a newplatform for non-fluorescent all-fibre devices to investigate cellular eventsand to promote new progress in fundamental cell biochemical engineering.

All-Fibre Label-Free Nano-Sensor for Real-Time in situ Early Monitoring of Cellular Apoptosis