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The security of FPGAs is a crucial topic, as any vulnerability within thehardware can have severe consequences, if they are used in a secure design.Since FPGA designs are encoded in a bitstream, securing the bitstream is of theutmost importance. Adversaries have many motivations to recover and manipulatethe bitstream, including design cloning, IP theft, manipulation of the design,or design subversions e.g., through hardware Trojans. Given that FPGAs areoften part of cyber-physical systems e.g., in aviation, medical, or industrialdevices, this can even lead to physical harm. Consequently, vendors haveintroduced bitstream encryption, offering authenticity and confidentiality.Even though attacks against bitstream encryption have been proposed in thepast, e.g., side-channel analysis and probing, these attacks requiresophisticated equipment and considerable technical expertise. In this paper, weintroduce novel low-cost attacks against the Xilinx 7-Series (and Virtex-6)bitstream encryption, resulting in the total loss of authenticity andconfidentiality. We exploit a design flaw which piecewise leaks the decryptedbitstream. In the attack, the FPGA is used as a decryption oracle, while onlyaccess to a configuration interface is needed. The attack does not require anysophisticated tools and, depending on the target system, can potentially belaunched remotely. In addition to the attacks, we discuss severalcountermeasures.

The Unpatchable Silicon: A Full Break of the Bitstream Encryption of Xilinx 7-Series FPGAs