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Developing low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) solutions that are efficientto adopt, deploy and maintain are vital for smart cities. The poorquality-of-service of unlicensed LPWAN, and the high service cost ofLTE-M/NB-IoT are key disadvantages of these technologies. Concatenatingunlicensed with licensed LPWANs can overcome these limitations and harnesstheir benefits. However, a concatenated LPWAN architecture will inevitablyresult in excess latency which may impact users' quality-of-experience (QoE).To evaluate the real-life feasibility of this system, we first propose aconcatenated LPWAN architecture and experimentally measure the statistics ofend-to-end (E2E) latencies. The concatenated delay margin is determined bybenchmarking the latencies with different LPWAN architecture schemes, namelywith unlicensed IoT (standalone LoRa), cellular IoT (standalone LTE-M), andconcatenated IoT (LoRa interfaced with LTE-M). Through extensive experimentalmeasurement campaigns of 30,000 data points of E2E latencies, we show that theexcess delay due to LPWAN interfacing introduces on average less than 300milliseconds. The proof-of-concept results suggest that the latency forconcatenating unlicensed LPWAN with cellular IoT is negligible for smart cityuse cases where human perception and decision making is in the loop.

Latency of Concatenating Unlicensed LPWAN with Cellular IoT: An Experimental QoE Study