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True random number generators (TRNG) sample random physical processes tocreate large amounts of random numbers for various use cases, includingsecurity-critical cryptographic primitives, scientific simulations, machinelearning applications, and even recreational entertainment. Unfortunately, notevery computing system is equipped with dedicated TRNG hardware, limiting theapplication space and security guarantees for such systems. To open theapplication space and enable security guarantees for the overwhelming majorityof computing systems that do not necessarily have dedicated TRNG hardware, wedevelop QUAC-TRNG.  QUAC-TRNG exploits the new observation that a carefully-engineered sequenceof DRAM commands activates four consecutive DRAM rows in rapid succession. ThisQUadruple ACtivation (QUAC) causes the bitline sense amplifiers tonon-deterministically converge to random values when we activate four rows thatstore conflicting data because the net deviation in bitline voltage fails tomeet reliable sensing margins.  We experimentally demonstrate that QUAC reliably generates random valuesacross 136 commodity DDR4 DRAM chips from one major DRAM manufacturer. Wedescribe how to develop an effective TRNG (QUAC-TRNG) based on QUAC. Weevaluate the quality of our TRNG using NIST STS and find that QUAC-TRNGsuccessfully passes each test. Our experimental evaluations show that QUAC-TRNGgenerates true random numbers with a throughput of 3.44 Gb/s (per DRAMchannel), outperforming the state-of-the-art DRAM-based TRNG by 15.08x and1.41x for basic and throughput-optimized versions, respectively. We show thatQUAC-TRNG utilizes DRAM bandwidth better than the state-of-the-art, achievingup to 2.03x the throughput of a throughput-optimized baseline when scaling busfrequencies to 12 GT/s.

QUAC-TRNG: High-Throughput True Random Number Generation Using Quadruple Row Activation in Commodity DRAM Chips