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This paper introduces the first open-source FPGA-based infrastructure,MetaSys, with a prototype in a RISC-V core, to enable the rapid implementationand evaluation of a wide range of cross-layer techniques in real hardware.Hardware-software cooperative techniques are powerful approaches to improve theperformance, quality of service, and security of general-purpose processors.They are however typically challenging to rapidly implement and evaluate inreal hardware as they require full-stack changes to the hardware, OS, systemsoftware, and instruction-set architecture (ISA).  MetaSys implements a rich hardware-software interface and lightweightmetadata support that can be used as a common basis to rapidly implement andevaluate new cross-layer techniques. We demonstrate MetaSys's versatility andease-of-use by implementing and evaluating three cross-layer techniques for:(i) prefetching for graph analytics; (ii) bounds checking in memory unsafelanguages, and (iii) return address protection in stack frames; each techniqueonly requiring ~100 lines of Chisel code over MetaSys.  Using MetaSys, we perform the first detailed experimental study to quantifythe performance overheads of using a single metadata management system toenable multiple cross-layer optimizations in CPUs. We identify the key sourcesof bottlenecks and system inefficiency of a general metadata management system.We design MetaSys to minimize these inefficiencies and provide increasedversatility compared to previously-proposed metadata systems. Using three usecases and a detailed characterization, we demonstrate that a common metadatamanagement system can be used to efficiently support diverse cross-layertechniques in CPUs.

MetaSys: A Practical Open-Source Metadata Management System to Implement and Evaluate Cross-Layer Optimizations