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Decades of economic decline have led to areas of increased deprivation in anumber of U.S. inner cities, which can be linked to adverse health and otheroutcomes. Yet the calculation of a single "deprivation" index, which hasreceived wide application in Britain and elsewhere in the world, involves achoice of variables and methods that have not been directly compared in theAmerican context. This study creates four related measures--using two sets ofvariables and two weighting schemes--to create such indices for block groups inBuffalo, Cleveland, Detroit, and Milwaukee. After examining the indices'similarities, we then map concentrations of high deprivation in each city andanalyze their relationships to income, racial makeup, and transportation usage.Overall, we find certain measures to have higher correlations than others, butthat all show deprivation to be linked with lower incomes and a higher nonwhitepopulation.

Spatial Measures of Socioeconomic Deprivation: An Application to Four Midwestern Industrial Cities